This article describes the discovery and use of the South American cinchona bark and its main therapeutic (and toxic) alkaloids, quinine and quinidine.Since the introduction of cinchona to Europe in the 17th century, it played a role in treating emperors and peasants and was central to colonialism and wars.Over those 400 Cat Food-Raw years, the med

Abstract Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited renal disease with an incidence of 1 Fan Wire in 400 to 1000.The disease is genetically heterogeneous, with two genes identified: PKD1 (16p13.3) and PKD2 (4q21).Molecular diagnosis of the disease in at-risk individuals is complicated due to the str

Ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented persistent deterioration due to unsustainable anthropogenic human activities, such as overfishing and deforestation, and the effects of such damage on ecological stability are uncertain.Despite recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies on regime shifts and tipping points, theoretical tools for u

The effect of imparting swirl motion tin robot to the fuel spray and combustion air streams on thermal flame characteristics is experimentally investigated using a horizontal water cooled combustor.A pressure swirl atomizer with a narrow nozzle of 0.4 mm diameter is used.To impart swirling motion to the fuel spray, the atomizer spin chamber is desi